NCE Practice Exam

2025 Edition

Take this free NCE Practice Exam to see the types of questions and sections that appear on the actual National Counselor Exam. The NCE tests a candidate's understanding of basic counseling concepts in the areas of human development, fundamental counseling techniques, appraisal, ethics, research, group counseling and career development counseling. To prepare for your test, use our 800 question NCE Practice Exams Plus that includes online flash cards, exam review and 50 state guide.

For more free practice questions, try our other NCE Practice Test.

Human Growth and Development

1.	According to Piaget's stages of moral judgment, a child younger than age ten will think which of the following is worse?
		a. Someone who was trying to help his mother set the table and broke five dishes.
Piaget saw moral judgment broken into two age brackets: below and above age ten. Those under age ten tended to judge wrong-doings by the amount of damage caused rather than the intention behind the act. Hence, even though the person in answer A had the best intentions, he broke more dishes and, therefore, is seen as more wrong. Since the person stealing only knocked over one cup, it is not viewed as bad as breaking five dishes. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Someone who was stealing a cookie from the cookie jar when he wasn't allowed, and knocked over a cup that broke.
Piaget saw moral judgment broken into two age brackets: below and above age ten. Those under age ten tended to judge wrong-doings by the amount of damage caused rather than the intention behind the act. Hence, even though the person in answer A had the best intentions, he broke more dishes and, therefore, is seen as more wrong. Since the person stealing only knocked over one cup, it is not viewed as bad as breaking five dishes. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Someone who did not control the dog who jumped up on the table and pulled down a glass full of water, which broke.
Piaget saw moral judgment broken into two age brackets: below and above age ten. Those under age ten tended to judge wrong-doings by the amount of damage caused rather than the intention behind the act. Hence, even though the person in answer A had the best intentions, he broke more dishes and, therefore, is seen as more wrong. Since the person stealing only knocked over one cup, it is not viewed as bad as breaking five dishes. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Someone who accidentally dropped a dinner knife which could have hurt someone if they would have stepped on it.
Piaget saw moral judgment broken into two age brackets: below and above age ten. Those under age ten tended to judge wrong-doings by the amount of damage caused rather than the intention behind the act. Hence, even though the person in answer A had the best intentions, he broke more dishes and, therefore, is seen as more wrong. Since the person stealing only knocked over one cup, it is not viewed as bad as breaking five dishes. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Human Growth and Development

2.	How many stages are there of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg?
		a. Two
Kohlberg's stages have three levels (pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional) and six stages: 1. obedience and punishment orientation 2. individualism and exchange 3. good interpersonal relationships 4. maintaining the social order 5. social contract and individual rights 6. universal principles. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Six
Kohlberg's stages have three levels (pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional) and six stages: 1. obedience and punishment orientation 2. individualism and exchange 3. good interpersonal relationships 4. maintaining the social order 5. social contract and individual rights 6. universal principles. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Eight, paralleling Erikson's stages of psycho-social development
Kohlberg's stages have three levels (pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional) and six stages: 1. obedience and punishment orientation 2. individualism and exchange 3. good interpersonal relationships 4. maintaining the social order 5. social contract and individual rights 6. universal principles. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. None; Kohlberg's theory is on self-actualization
Kohlberg's stages have three levels (pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional) and six stages: 1. obedience and punishment orientation 2. individualism and exchange 3. good interpersonal relationships 4. maintaining the social order 5. social contract and individual rights 6. universal principles. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Human Growth and Development

3.	Which of the following is not a factor in the sleep patterns of adolescents?
		a. Biorhythm changes
Teens require more sleep than the average adult due to their rapid growth. A teen's decreased sleep patterns do not generally stem from defiant behavior. Teens have biorhythm changes, making them more likely to stay up late and sleep later. They are inundated with academic and social demands which may impair the amount or quality of their sleep. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Defiance
Teens require more sleep than the average adult due to their rapid growth. A teen's decreased sleep patterns do not generally stem from defiant behavior. Teens have biorhythm changes, making them more likely to stay up late and sleep later. They are inundated with academic and social demands which may impair the amount or quality of their sleep. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Increased need for sleep
Teens require more sleep than the average adult due to their rapid growth. A teen's decreased sleep patterns do not generally stem from defiant behavior. Teens have biorhythm changes, making them more likely to stay up late and sleep later. They are inundated with academic and social demands which may impair the amount or quality of their sleep. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Increased academic and social demands
Teens require more sleep than the average adult due to their rapid growth. A teen's decreased sleep patterns do not generally stem from defiant behavior. Teens have biorhythm changes, making them more likely to stay up late and sleep later. They are inundated with academic and social demands which may impair the amount or quality of their sleep. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Human Growth and Development

4.	A college student viewing a situation as good or bad or right or wrong is using:
		a. Dualistic Thinking
Perry believed college students go through 4 stages of mental and moral development: Dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism, and Commitment. Dualistic thinking occurs in Dualism when students believe every problem is solvable and they are to learn the right answers. Relativistic thinking is the belief that every issue must be evaluated because everything is contextual. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Pessimism
Perry believed college students go through 4 stages of mental and moral development: Dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism, and Commitment. Dualistic thinking occurs in Dualism when students believe every problem is solvable and they are to learn the right answers. Relativistic thinking is the belief that every issue must be evaluated because everything is contextual. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Relativistic Thinking
Perry believed college students go through 4 stages of mental and moral development: Dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism, and Commitment. Dualistic thinking occurs in Dualism when students believe every problem is solvable and they are to learn the right answers. Relativistic thinking is the belief that every issue must be evaluated because everything is contextual. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Erroneous Thinking
Perry believed college students go through 4 stages of mental and moral development: Dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism, and Commitment. Dualistic thinking occurs in Dualism when students believe every problem is solvable and they are to learn the right answers. Relativistic thinking is the belief that every issue must be evaluated because everything is contextual. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Human Growth and Development

5.	Which theorist believed in the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
		a. Piaget
Vygotsky believed the potential for cognitive development depended upon the ZPD, which was a level of development attained when children engage in social interactions. When the social interaction is guided by an adult or collaborated with peers, the ZPD exceeds what one could achieve individually. Kohlberg is known for his work with moral development; Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development in children; and Erickson for his eight stages of psychosocial development. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Kohlberg
Vygotsky believed the potential for cognitive development depended upon the ZPD, which was a level of development attained when children engage in social interactions. When the social interaction is guided by an adult or collaborated with peers, the ZPD exceeds what one could achieve individually. Kohlberg is known for his work with moral development; Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development in children; and Erickson for his eight stages of psychosocial development. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Vygotsky
Vygotsky believed the potential for cognitive development depended upon the ZPD, which was a level of development attained when children engage in social interactions. When the social interaction is guided by an adult or collaborated with peers, the ZPD exceeds what one could achieve individually. Kohlberg is known for his work with moral development; Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development in children; and Erickson for his eight stages of psychosocial development. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Erickson
Vygotsky believed the potential for cognitive development depended upon the ZPD, which was a level of development attained when children engage in social interactions. When the social interaction is guided by an adult or collaborated with peers, the ZPD exceeds what one could achieve individually. Kohlberg is known for his work with moral development; Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development in children; and Erickson for his eight stages of psychosocial development. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Human Growth and Development

6.	When present in females, the Oedipus Complex is referred to as the:
		a. Electra Complex
Freud described the Oedipus Complex as a stage when a boy develops feelings of desire for his mother and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward his father. The Electra Complex is when a girl develops feelings of desire for her father and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward her mother. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Feelings of Reciprocity
Freud described the Oedipus Complex as a stage when a boy develops feelings of desire for his mother and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward his father. The Electra Complex is when a girl develops feelings of desire for her father and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward her mother. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Electric Complex
Freud described the Oedipus Complex as a stage when a boy develops feelings of desire for his mother and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward his father. The Electra Complex is when a girl develops feelings of desire for her father and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward her mother. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Oedipa Complex
Freud described the Oedipus Complex as a stage when a boy develops feelings of desire for his mother and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward his father. The Electra Complex is when a girl develops feelings of desire for her father and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward her mother. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Human Growth and Development

7.	Kohlberg's theory of moral development has three progressive levels ending in:
		a. personhood
In Kohlberg's third level, individuals do come to realize they are separate from their society, but this occurs in the 5^th stage. Principled thought comes after moving through the 6^th stage, which Kohlberg believed few people actually reached. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. sexual ambiguity
In Kohlberg's third level, individuals do come to realize they are separate from their society, but this occurs in the 5^th stage. Principled thought comes after moving through the 6^th stage, which Kohlberg believed few people actually reached. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. principled thought
In Kohlberg's third level, individuals do come to realize they are separate from their society, but this occurs in the 5^th stage. Principled thought comes after moving through the 6^th stage, which Kohlberg believed few people actually reached. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. self-realization
In Kohlberg's third level, individuals do come to realize they are separate from their society, but this occurs in the 5^th stage. Principled thought comes after moving through the 6^th stage, which Kohlberg believed few people actually reached. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Social and Cultural Foundations

8.	Cross-cultural counseling:
		a. Recognizes culture as a marginal factor in counseling.
Cross-cultural counseling recognizes culture as fundamental and central to all counseling relationships and interactions. In using this approach, clients will feel valued and the rapport between counselors and clients will strengthen. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Recognizes culture as a fundamental factor in counseling.
Cross-cultural counseling recognizes culture as fundamental and central to all counseling relationships and interactions. In using this approach, clients will feel valued and the rapport between counselors and clients will strengthen. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Is a consideration in some but not all counseling interventions.
Cross-cultural counseling recognizes culture as fundamental and central to all counseling relationships and interactions. In using this approach, clients will feel valued and the rapport between counselors and clients will strengthen. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. All of the above
Cross-cultural counseling recognizes culture as fundamental and central to all counseling relationships and interactions. In using this approach, clients will feel valued and the rapport between counselors and clients will strengthen. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Social and Cultural Foundations

9.	Most behaviors are learned and displayed in a cultural context.
		True
True - While some behaviors are innate, like the "rooting" of an infant to bring his mouth close to whatever it's near in hopes of eating, or an infant's startle reflex, when his arms outstretch with loud noises, most behaviors are learned within a cultural context. For instance, the handshake is generally a gesture from the Western culture. A man should never extend his hand to a woman of another culture unless she extends a hand first. Another example is that "back-slapping" someone from Asia is considered aggressive. Signaling someone from an Asian culture to follow you or directing them with your index finger, a common gesture in America, is considered rude in these cultures. Same behavior, different cultures, which means they are learned. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		False
True - While some behaviors are innate, like the "rooting" of an infant to bring his mouth close to whatever it's near in hopes of eating, or an infant's startle reflex, when his arms outstretch with loud noises, most behaviors are learned within a cultural context. For instance, the handshake is generally a gesture from the Western culture. A man should never extend his hand to a woman of another culture unless she extends a hand first. Another example is that "back-slapping" someone from Asia is considered aggressive. Signaling someone from an Asian culture to follow you or directing them with your index finger, a common gesture in America, is considered rude in these cultures. Same behavior, different cultures, which means they are learned. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Social and Cultural Foundations

10.	Which of the following is true about counseling within a cultural context?
		a. Behaviors cannot be measured as accurately.
Personal identity becomes more clearly defined within a cultural context. Furthermore, behaviors are measured more accurately, consequences of problems are more obvious and counseling interviews are more meaningful when held within a cultural context. When a counselor counsels within a cultural context, the clients will be able to relate to what the counselor is saying and will be able to view themselves and self-reflect. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Personal identity becomes more clearly defined.
Personal identity becomes more clearly defined within a cultural context. Furthermore, behaviors are measured more accurately, consequences of problems are more obvious and counseling interviews are more meaningful when held within a cultural context. When a counselor counsels within a cultural context, the clients will be able to relate to what the counselor is saying and will be able to view themselves and self-reflect. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. The consequences of problems are more ambiguous.
Personal identity becomes more clearly defined within a cultural context. Furthermore, behaviors are measured more accurately, consequences of problems are more obvious and counseling interviews are more meaningful when held within a cultural context. When a counselor counsels within a cultural context, the clients will be able to relate to what the counselor is saying and will be able to view themselves and self-reflect. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Counseling interviews hold less meaning.
Personal identity becomes more clearly defined within a cultural context. Furthermore, behaviors are measured more accurately, consequences of problems are more obvious and counseling interviews are more meaningful when held within a cultural context. When a counselor counsels within a cultural context, the clients will be able to relate to what the counselor is saying and will be able to view themselves and self-reflect. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Social and Cultural Foundations

11.	In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents a different culture because they share:
		a. similar tastes in the arts
Typically, members of each socioeconomic group share similar ideas, behaviors, and values which fits the definition of culture. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. educational levels
Typically, members of each socioeconomic group share similar ideas, behaviors, and values which fits the definition of culture. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. interest in religion
Typically, members of each socioeconomic group share similar ideas, behaviors, and values which fits the definition of culture. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. similar ideas, behaviors, and values
Typically, members of each socioeconomic group share similar ideas, behaviors, and values which fits the definition of culture. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Social and Cultural Foundations

12.	Therapists adhering to which of the following theories would believe that aggression is learned through modeling?
		a. Social Learning
Albert Bandura demonstrated this with his famous Bobo Doll Experiments. Children in the group who saw the adult treat the doll aggressively were much more aggressive in their own treatment of the doll. Behaviorists would believe aggression is learned through conditioning. Psychodynamic followers would explain aggression as an instinct - Thanatos. The humanistic explanation is that aggression is caused by unmet needs. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Behavioral
Albert Bandura demonstrated this with his famous Bobo Doll Experiments. Children in the group who saw the adult treat the doll aggressively were much more aggressive in their own treatment of the doll. Behaviorists would believe aggression is learned through conditioning. Psychodynamic followers would explain aggression as an instinct - Thanatos. The humanistic explanation is that aggression is caused by unmet needs. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Psychodynamic
Albert Bandura demonstrated this with his famous Bobo Doll Experiments. Children in the group who saw the adult treat the doll aggressively were much more aggressive in their own treatment of the doll. Behaviorists would believe aggression is learned through conditioning. Psychodynamic followers would explain aggression as an instinct - Thanatos. The humanistic explanation is that aggression is caused by unmet needs. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Humanistic
Albert Bandura demonstrated this with his famous Bobo Doll Experiments. Children in the group who saw the adult treat the doll aggressively were much more aggressive in their own treatment of the doll. Behaviorists would believe aggression is learned through conditioning. Psychodynamic followers would explain aggression as an instinct - Thanatos. The humanistic explanation is that aggression is caused by unmet needs. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Fundamentals of Counseling / Helping Relationships / Clinical & Programmatic Interventions

13.	Which is true about Freud's idea of the preconscious mind:
		a. It contains only hidden or forgotten memories.
The pre-conscious mind contains elements from both the unconscious and the conscious minds. The unconscious mind contains hidden or forgotten memories and the conscious mind contains what is happening in the present. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. It contain only what is happening in the present.
The pre-conscious mind contains elements from both the unconscious and the conscious minds. The unconscious mind contains hidden or forgotten memories and the conscious mind contains what is happening in the present. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. It's our mind's state before we're born.
The pre-conscious mind contains elements from both the unconscious and the conscious minds. The unconscious mind contains hidden or forgotten memories and the conscious mind contains what is happening in the present. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. It contains both hidden memories and what is happening.
The pre-conscious mind contains elements from both the unconscious and the conscious minds. The unconscious mind contains hidden or forgotten memories and the conscious mind contains what is happening in the present. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Fundamentals of Counseling / Helping Relationships / Clinical & Programmatic Interventions

14.	Nathan has been working on cutting down on drinking. He tells you he passed a state store and 'found my car pulling itself into the lot.' He denies giving much conscious thought to it. Nathan is describing the workings of:
		a. The superego
According to Freud, the id is present at birth and is part of the unconscious. It is impulsive, not rational, and moves towards pleasure and away from pain. The superego is made up of the conscience and ideal self and incorporates society's values and norms. The ego uses a rational process to solve problems and meet the id's demands while satisfying the superego. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. The id
According to Freud, the id is present at birth and is part of the unconscious. It is impulsive, not rational, and moves towards pleasure and away from pain. The superego is made up of the conscience and ideal self and incorporates society's values and norms. The ego uses a rational process to solve problems and meet the id's demands while satisfying the superego. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. The ego
According to Freud, the id is present at birth and is part of the unconscious. It is impulsive, not rational, and moves towards pleasure and away from pain. The superego is made up of the conscience and ideal self and incorporates society's values and norms. The ego uses a rational process to solve problems and meet the id's demands while satisfying the superego. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. The conscious mind
According to Freud, the id is present at birth and is part of the unconscious. It is impulsive, not rational, and moves towards pleasure and away from pain. The superego is made up of the conscience and ideal self and incorporates society's values and norms. The ego uses a rational process to solve problems and meet the id's demands while satisfying the superego. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Fundamentals of Counseling / Helping Relationships / Clinical & Programmatic Interventions

15.	________________ results when ideal standards are violated. According to Freud, this is a function of the __________________.
		a. Guilt, ego
The superego sets ideal standards and guilt results when we violate them. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Anger, ego
The superego sets ideal standards and guilt results when we violate them. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Guilt, superego
The superego sets ideal standards and guilt results when we violate them. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Shame, id
The superego sets ideal standards and guilt results when we violate them. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Fundamentals of Counseling / Helping Relationships / Clinical & Programmatic Interventions

16.	A counselor sets her monthly fees for consulation on a job-by-job basis. Which of the following reinforcement schedules is this an example of?
		a. variable ratio
A variable ratio schedule is when a reward occurs after an unpredictable amount of responses and typically provides a high rate of response. The counselor's rate is unpredictable from one job to the next. A fixed ratio schedule occurs when a response is reinforced after a set number of responses. Fixed interval schedules reinforce the response only after a certain amount of time has passed. Variable interval schedules reinforce the response after an unpredictable amount of time has gone by. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. fixed ratio
A variable ratio schedule is when a reward occurs after an unpredictable amount of responses and typically provides a high rate of response. The counselor's rate is unpredictable from one job to the next. A fixed ratio schedule occurs when a response is reinforced after a set number of responses. Fixed interval schedules reinforce the response only after a certain amount of time has passed. Variable interval schedules reinforce the response after an unpredictable amount of time has gone by. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. fixed interval
A variable ratio schedule is when a reward occurs after an unpredictable amount of responses and typically provides a high rate of response. The counselor's rate is unpredictable from one job to the next. A fixed ratio schedule occurs when a response is reinforced after a set number of responses. Fixed interval schedules reinforce the response only after a certain amount of time has passed. Variable interval schedules reinforce the response after an unpredictable amount of time has gone by. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. variable interval
A variable ratio schedule is when a reward occurs after an unpredictable amount of responses and typically provides a high rate of response. The counselor's rate is unpredictable from one job to the next. A fixed ratio schedule occurs when a response is reinforced after a set number of responses. Fixed interval schedules reinforce the response only after a certain amount of time has passed. Variable interval schedules reinforce the response after an unpredictable amount of time has gone by. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Fundamentals of Counseling / Helping Relationships / Clinical & Programmatic Interventions

17.	Suppression and repression are different because:
		a. suppression is involuntary
In psychoanalysis, repression is when upsetting memories are kept out of the conscious mind. Throughout therapy, using free association, psychoanalysts try to help uncover repressed memories and feelings. Suppression is when a person knowingly tries not to think or feel a certain way. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. repression is involuntary
In psychoanalysis, repression is when upsetting memories are kept out of the conscious mind. Throughout therapy, using free association, psychoanalysts try to help uncover repressed memories and feelings. Suppression is when a person knowingly tries not to think or feel a certain way. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. they are not different
In psychoanalysis, repression is when upsetting memories are kept out of the conscious mind. Throughout therapy, using free association, psychoanalysts try to help uncover repressed memories and feelings. Suppression is when a person knowingly tries not to think or feel a certain way. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. repression is voluntary
In psychoanalysis, repression is when upsetting memories are kept out of the conscious mind. Throughout therapy, using free association, psychoanalysts try to help uncover repressed memories and feelings. Suppression is when a person knowingly tries not to think or feel a certain way. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Fundamentals of Counseling / Helping Relationships / Clinical & Programmatic Interventions

18.	When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life which they were previously unaware, counselors refer to it as:
		a. Aha! moment
Graham Wallace described the four stages of insight: preparation, incubation, flash of illumination, and verification. The term 'Aha! Moment' is also used to describe insights when things suddenly become clearer. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. deeper understanding
Graham Wallace described the four stages of insight: preparation, incubation, flash of illumination, and verification. The term 'Aha! Moment' is also used to describe insights when things suddenly become clearer. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. insight
Graham Wallace described the four stages of insight: preparation, incubation, flash of illumination, and verification. The term 'Aha! Moment' is also used to describe insights when things suddenly become clearer. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Both a and c
Graham Wallace described the four stages of insight: preparation, incubation, flash of illumination, and verification. The term 'Aha! Moment' is also used to describe insights when things suddenly become clearer. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Fundamentals of Counseling / Helping Relationships / Clinical & Programmatic Interventions

19.	A counselor who chooses their theory and techniques in order to match the client's attributes, resources, and situation is called:
		a. eccentric
The eclectic approach can be quite successful. Most counselors using this approach still adhere to one or two main counseling theories, but draw techniques from many different theories. A counselor using a holistic approach would consider the person as a whole (body, mind, emotions, spirit) rather than the separate parts when meeting with a client. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. eclectic
The eclectic approach can be quite successful. Most counselors using this approach still adhere to one or two main counseling theories, but draw techniques from many different theories. A counselor using a holistic approach would consider the person as a whole (body, mind, emotions, spirit) rather than the separate parts when meeting with a client. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. holistic
The eclectic approach can be quite successful. Most counselors using this approach still adhere to one or two main counseling theories, but draw techniques from many different theories. A counselor using a holistic approach would consider the person as a whole (body, mind, emotions, spirit) rather than the separate parts when meeting with a client. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. informal
The eclectic approach can be quite successful. Most counselors using this approach still adhere to one or two main counseling theories, but draw techniques from many different theories. A counselor using a holistic approach would consider the person as a whole (body, mind, emotions, spirit) rather than the separate parts when meeting with a client. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Group Work / Group Counseling / Clinical and Programmatic Interventions

20.	One of the first formal therapeutic groups was held by:
		a. Joseph Pratt
In 1905, Joseph Pratt, a medical doctor from Boston, gathered a group of patients with tuberculosis in order to educate them. The rest are all group theorists of later years. Rogers is often referred to as the “father of counseling psychology.” Yalom developed a list of therapeutic factors in group therapy. Bion was a British psychoanalyst. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Carl Rogers
In 1905, Joseph Pratt, a medical doctor from Boston, gathered a group of patients with tuberculosis in order to educate them. The rest are all group theorists of later years. Rogers is often referred to as the “father of counseling psychology.” Yalom developed a list of therapeutic factors in group therapy. Bion was a British psychoanalyst. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Irv Yalom
In 1905, Joseph Pratt, a medical doctor from Boston, gathered a group of patients with tuberculosis in order to educate them. The rest are all group theorists of later years. Rogers is often referred to as the “father of counseling psychology.” Yalom developed a list of therapeutic factors in group therapy. Bion was a British psychoanalyst. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Wilfred Bion
In 1905, Joseph Pratt, a medical doctor from Boston, gathered a group of patients with tuberculosis in order to educate them. The rest are all group theorists of later years. Rogers is often referred to as the “father of counseling psychology.” Yalom developed a list of therapeutic factors in group therapy. Bion was a British psychoanalyst. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Group Work / Group Counseling / Clinical and Programmatic Interventions

21.	Of the following, which is NOT a curative factor of group, as outlined by Yalom?
		a. Universality
Interpersonal learning, not intrapersonal learning, is a curative factor. Interpersonal learning occurs when a person tries out new behaviors in group. Group is seen as a microcosm of the real world. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Instillation of hope
Interpersonal learning, not intrapersonal learning, is a curative factor. Interpersonal learning occurs when a person tries out new behaviors in group. Group is seen as a microcosm of the real world. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Intrapersonal learning
Interpersonal learning, not intrapersonal learning, is a curative factor. Interpersonal learning occurs when a person tries out new behaviors in group. Group is seen as a microcosm of the real world. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Group cohesiveness
Interpersonal learning, not intrapersonal learning, is a curative factor. Interpersonal learning occurs when a person tries out new behaviors in group. Group is seen as a microcosm of the real world. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Group Work / Group Counseling / Clinical and Programmatic Interventions

22.	Jerry hears a fellow group member say, "I am really struggling with this divorce. I can't see my way to the other side sometimes. It seems like I'll never feel better." Jerry just experienced a relationship break-up himself, which spun him into a depression. Though the group member's situation is unfortunate, Jerry feels a little better hearing about it. Jerry is experiencing which curative factor of group therapy?
		a. Imitative behavior
Jerry is experiencing universality, when a member feels relief that they are not alone and that others share similar problems. He is not adapting another member's coping strategy, so it is not imitative behavior. Instillation of hope creates a feeling of optimism, which is not mentioned. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Imparting information
Jerry is experiencing universality, when a member feels relief that they are not alone and that others share similar problems. He is not adapting another member's coping strategy, so it is not imitative behavior. Instillation of hope creates a feeling of optimism, which is not mentioned. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Instillation of hope
Jerry is experiencing universality, when a member feels relief that they are not alone and that others share similar problems. He is not adapting another member's coping strategy, so it is not imitative behavior. Instillation of hope creates a feeling of optimism, which is not mentioned. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Universality
Jerry is experiencing universality, when a member feels relief that they are not alone and that others share similar problems. He is not adapting another member's coping strategy, so it is not imitative behavior. Instillation of hope creates a feeling of optimism, which is not mentioned. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Group Work / Group Counseling / Clinical and Programmatic Interventions

23.	What are the three levels of social groups?
		a. Primary, secondary, and tertiary
Charles Cooley first described social groups. Primary social groups share close, personal, and enduring relationships. Secondary groups are larger than primary groups and relationships are goal oriented, impersonal, and may be temporary. Tertiary groups are sometimes called reference groups and are any group which shapes one's attitude and behavior. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. High, medium, and low
Charles Cooley first described social groups. Primary social groups share close, personal, and enduring relationships. Secondary groups are larger than primary groups and relationships are goal oriented, impersonal, and may be temporary. Tertiary groups are sometimes called reference groups and are any group which shapes one's attitude and behavior. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. First, second, and third
Charles Cooley first described social groups. Primary social groups share close, personal, and enduring relationships. Secondary groups are larger than primary groups and relationships are goal oriented, impersonal, and may be temporary. Tertiary groups are sometimes called reference groups and are any group which shapes one's attitude and behavior. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Small, medium, and large
Charles Cooley first described social groups. Primary social groups share close, personal, and enduring relationships. Secondary groups are larger than primary groups and relationships are goal oriented, impersonal, and may be temporary. Tertiary groups are sometimes called reference groups and are any group which shapes one's attitude and behavior. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Group Work / Group Counseling / Clinical and Programmatic Interventions

24.	The fact that a group decision will be less conservative than a decision made by an individual can be explained by which of the following concepts?
		a. Bystander apathy
Risky shift phenomenon is part of social psychology and a form of group polarization. This is related to deindividuation which occurs when a person in a group loses some of their self-identity leading to a loss of restraint and self-awareness. Bystander apathy is another term from social psychology and occurs when individuals assume that, since there are other people around, someone else has already taken action to help. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Risky shift phenomenon
Risky shift phenomenon is part of social psychology and a form of group polarization. This is related to deindividuation which occurs when a person in a group loses some of their self-identity leading to a loss of restraint and self-awareness. Bystander apathy is another term from social psychology and occurs when individuals assume that, since there are other people around, someone else has already taken action to help. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Skepticism
Risky shift phenomenon is part of social psychology and a form of group polarization. This is related to deindividuation which occurs when a person in a group loses some of their self-identity leading to a loss of restraint and self-awareness. Bystander apathy is another term from social psychology and occurs when individuals assume that, since there are other people around, someone else has already taken action to help. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Conditioning
Risky shift phenomenon is part of social psychology and a form of group polarization. This is related to deindividuation which occurs when a person in a group loses some of their self-identity leading to a loss of restraint and self-awareness. Bystander apathy is another term from social psychology and occurs when individuals assume that, since there are other people around, someone else has already taken action to help. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Group Work / Group Counseling / Clinical and Programmatic Interventions

25.	Which is the correct order of Tucker & Jensen's stages of group development?
		a. performing, forming, storming, norming, adjourning
Tucker and Jensen described 5 stages of group development. In the forming stage, the group is coming together and rules are being established. Group members are typically polite to each other. During the storming stage, challenges often arise. Groups members may butt heads and test boundaries. In the norming stage, group members have developed a sense of unity and worked out their conflicts. They are also supportive of leadership. During the performing stage, the group is making progress toward their goals. Leaders are helping group members advance their skills and competencies. The adjourning stage is sometimes referred to as 'mourning' when a group is high functioning and has developed a strong sense of unity. The inevitable end can seem bittersweet. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. norming, forming, storming, performing, adjourning
Tucker and Jensen described 5 stages of group development. In the forming stage, the group is coming together and rules are being established. Group members are typically polite to each other. During the storming stage, challenges often arise. Groups members may butt heads and test boundaries. In the norming stage, group members have developed a sense of unity and worked out their conflicts. They are also supportive of leadership. During the performing stage, the group is making progress toward their goals. Leaders are helping group members advance their skills and competencies. The adjourning stage is sometimes referred to as 'mourning' when a group is high functioning and has developed a strong sense of unity. The inevitable end can seem bittersweet. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
Tucker and Jensen described 5 stages of group development. In the forming stage, the group is coming together and rules are being established. Group members are typically polite to each other. During the storming stage, challenges often arise. Groups members may butt heads and test boundaries. In the norming stage, group members have developed a sense of unity and worked out their conflicts. They are also supportive of leadership. During the performing stage, the group is making progress toward their goals. Leaders are helping group members advance their skills and competencies. The adjourning stage is sometimes referred to as 'mourning' when a group is high functioning and has developed a strong sense of unity. The inevitable end can seem bittersweet. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. forming, norming, storming, performing, adjourning
Tucker and Jensen described 5 stages of group development. In the forming stage, the group is coming together and rules are being established. Group members are typically polite to each other. During the storming stage, challenges often arise. Groups members may butt heads and test boundaries. In the norming stage, group members have developed a sense of unity and worked out their conflicts. They are also supportive of leadership. During the performing stage, the group is making progress toward their goals. Leaders are helping group members advance their skills and competencies. The adjourning stage is sometimes referred to as 'mourning' when a group is high functioning and has developed a strong sense of unity. The inevitable end can seem bittersweet. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Career and Lifestyle Development / Assessment and Career Counseling

26.	Which career theorist talked about life roles?
		a. Ginzberg
Super talked about the life roles of: child, student, homemaker, leisurite, citizen and worker. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Holland
Super talked about the life roles of: child, student, homemaker, leisurite, citizen and worker. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Parsons
Super talked about the life roles of: child, student, homemaker, leisurite, citizen and worker. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Super
Super talked about the life roles of: child, student, homemaker, leisurite, citizen and worker. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Career and Lifestyle Development / Assessment and Career Counseling

27.	Holland's trait-factor theory matched which of the following together?
		a. Gender traits with personality traits
Holland matched individual traits with environment traits. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Professional traits with earning power
Holland matched individual traits with environment traits. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Personality traits with job requirements
Holland matched individual traits with environment traits. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Personality traits with intelligence level
Holland matched individual traits with environment traits. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Career and Lifestyle Development / Assessment and Career Counseling

28.	Jeremy, during intake, told you that he really enjoys his job as a watch repair man. His strong Interest Inventory would probably indicate a high score in which of the following?
		a. Investigative
Those who score high in the realistic category enjoy working with machines. They are doers. Those who have high scores for investigative are thinkers, conventional are organizers, and social are helpers. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Conventional
Those who score high in the realistic category enjoy working with machines. They are doers. Those who have high scores for investigative are thinkers, conventional are organizers, and social are helpers. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Realistic
Those who score high in the realistic category enjoy working with machines. They are doers. Those who have high scores for investigative are thinkers, conventional are organizers, and social are helpers. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Social
Those who score high in the realistic category enjoy working with machines. They are doers. Those who have high scores for investigative are thinkers, conventional are organizers, and social are helpers. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Career and Lifestyle Development / Assessment and Career Counseling

29.	A counselor has designed his career counseling group in such a way that it presents a "field and levels" approach to careers. Whose theory is he following?
		a. Holland
Roe's theory consists of 8 fields (Service, Business Contact, Organization, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, and Arts & Entertainment) and 6 levels (professional and managerial, levels 1 and 2; semiprofessional and small business, level 3; skilled, level 4; semiskilled, level 5; and unskilled, level 6). Holland created the Holland Codes: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC). Super's theory of career development includes the concept of self-concept and 5 stages of career development: Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, and Decline. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Super
Roe's theory consists of 8 fields (Service, Business Contact, Organization, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, and Arts & Entertainment) and 6 levels (professional and managerial, levels 1 and 2; semiprofessional and small business, level 3; skilled, level 4; semiskilled, level 5; and unskilled, level 6). Holland created the Holland Codes: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC). Super's theory of career development includes the concept of self-concept and 5 stages of career development: Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, and Decline. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Tiedeman
Roe's theory consists of 8 fields (Service, Business Contact, Organization, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, and Arts & Entertainment) and 6 levels (professional and managerial, levels 1 and 2; semiprofessional and small business, level 3; skilled, level 4; semiskilled, level 5; and unskilled, level 6). Holland created the Holland Codes: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC). Super's theory of career development includes the concept of self-concept and 5 stages of career development: Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, and Decline. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Roe
Roe's theory consists of 8 fields (Service, Business Contact, Organization, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, and Arts & Entertainment) and 6 levels (professional and managerial, levels 1 and 2; semiprofessional and small business, level 3; skilled, level 4; semiskilled, level 5; and unskilled, level 6). Holland created the Holland Codes: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC). Super's theory of career development includes the concept of self-concept and 5 stages of career development: Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, and Decline. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Career and Lifestyle Development / Assessment and Career Counseling

30.	What do dual career families often lack?
		a. Money
Dual career families are likely to have access to healthcare and money, however, because both adults in the household are working, they have less time for leisure. Instead of relaxing on evenings and weekends, they are often doing things to keep the household running, like chores or running errands. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Health insurance
Dual career families are likely to have access to healthcare and money, however, because both adults in the household are working, they have less time for leisure. Instead of relaxing on evenings and weekends, they are often doing things to keep the household running, like chores or running errands. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Leisure
Dual career families are likely to have access to healthcare and money, however, because both adults in the household are working, they have less time for leisure. Instead of relaxing on evenings and weekends, they are often doing things to keep the household running, like chores or running errands. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Pets
Dual career families are likely to have access to healthcare and money, however, because both adults in the household are working, they have less time for leisure. Instead of relaxing on evenings and weekends, they are often doing things to keep the household running, like chores or running errands. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Career and Lifestyle Development / Assessment and Career Counseling

31.	Developmental career theorists view career choice as:
		a. stable
While this may not lead to an individual changing their career, developmental theorists believe an individual's career choice is ongoing. It is a lifelong process where individuals search, evaluate, and process information about themselves and the world around them to figure out where they fit. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. fixed
While this may not lead to an individual changing their career, developmental theorists believe an individual's career choice is ongoing. It is a lifelong process where individuals search, evaluate, and process information about themselves and the world around them to figure out where they fit. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. ongoing
While this may not lead to an individual changing their career, developmental theorists believe an individual's career choice is ongoing. It is a lifelong process where individuals search, evaluate, and process information about themselves and the world around them to figure out where they fit. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. optimistic
While this may not lead to an individual changing their career, developmental theorists believe an individual's career choice is ongoing. It is a lifelong process where individuals search, evaluate, and process information about themselves and the world around them to figure out where they fit. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Career and Lifestyle Development / Assessment and Career Counseling

32.	Which is NOT one of the original 3 stages of career development identified by Ginzberg and his associates?
		a. Exploratory
During childhood, individuals are in the fantasy stage. Through play and imagination, they experience many different careers. Once an individual reaches adolescence, he or she enters the tentative stage. This stage has four sub-stages: interest, capacity, values, and transition. The realistic stage begins around age 17 and lasts through the early 20s. In this stage, the individual will engage in exploration, crystallization, and specification of a specific career. Later, Ginzberg changed his outlook and said that career choice is a life-long process and does not end in the early 20s. Instead, people optimize. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Fantasy
During childhood, individuals are in the fantasy stage. Through play and imagination, they experience many different careers. Once an individual reaches adolescence, he or she enters the tentative stage. This stage has four sub-stages: interest, capacity, values, and transition. The realistic stage begins around age 17 and lasts through the early 20s. In this stage, the individual will engage in exploration, crystallization, and specification of a specific career. Later, Ginzberg changed his outlook and said that career choice is a life-long process and does not end in the early 20s. Instead, people optimize. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Tentative
During childhood, individuals are in the fantasy stage. Through play and imagination, they experience many different careers. Once an individual reaches adolescence, he or she enters the tentative stage. This stage has four sub-stages: interest, capacity, values, and transition. The realistic stage begins around age 17 and lasts through the early 20s. In this stage, the individual will engage in exploration, crystallization, and specification of a specific career. Later, Ginzberg changed his outlook and said that career choice is a life-long process and does not end in the early 20s. Instead, people optimize. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Realistic
During childhood, individuals are in the fantasy stage. Through play and imagination, they experience many different careers. Once an individual reaches adolescence, he or she enters the tentative stage. This stage has four sub-stages: interest, capacity, values, and transition. The realistic stage begins around age 17 and lasts through the early 20s. In this stage, the individual will engage in exploration, crystallization, and specification of a specific career. Later, Ginzberg changed his outlook and said that career choice is a life-long process and does not end in the early 20s. Instead, people optimize. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Career and Lifestyle Development / Assessment and Career Counseling

33.	This publication provides key information about a job, including training needed, salary, job outlook, etc.
		a. NBCC
The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) is published by the U.S. Department of Labor and contains statistics and information for hundreds of different jobs. NBCC stands for the National Board for Certified Counselors; ACA is the American Counseling Association; ASCA is the American School Counselor Association. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. ACA
The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) is published by the U.S. Department of Labor and contains statistics and information for hundreds of different jobs. NBCC stands for the National Board for Certified Counselors; ACA is the American Counseling Association; ASCA is the American School Counselor Association. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. ASCA
The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) is published by the U.S. Department of Labor and contains statistics and information for hundreds of different jobs. NBCC stands for the National Board for Certified Counselors; ACA is the American Counseling Association; ASCA is the American School Counselor Association. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. OOH
The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) is published by the U.S. Department of Labor and contains statistics and information for hundreds of different jobs. NBCC stands for the National Board for Certified Counselors; ACA is the American Counseling Association; ASCA is the American School Counselor Association. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Professional Counseling Orientation / Ethics

34.	Your patient enters your session excited about the New Age therapy you tried last session. She had brought in an article, and because of her enthusiasm and the fact that it did not require any new training, you had agreed to give it a try. She asks you to continue during this session, but you have done your homework: it's been proven ineffective and, in a select few clients, the condition was slightly worsened. You validate your patient, noting how glad you are that she's excited to try something new. Then you tell her that, unfortunately, you won't be able to continue with these types of treatments. With this act, you are expressing:
		a. Anti-Consumerism
Non-malfeasance" is refraining from providing ineffective treatments or acting with malice towards a patient. "Anti-consumerism" is incorrect because is not a therapeutic or ethical term. "Beneficence" is incorrect because it means that you take actions to benefit others. "Exploitation" is incorrect because it is a therapist's misuse of power to influence and exploit clients for their own benefit and to the clients' detriment. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. Beneficence
Non-malfeasance" is refraining from providing ineffective treatments or acting with malice towards a patient. "Anti-consumerism" is incorrect because is not a therapeutic or ethical term. "Beneficence" is incorrect because it means that you take actions to benefit others. "Exploitation" is incorrect because it is a therapist's misuse of power to influence and exploit clients for their own benefit and to the clients' detriment. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. Exploitation
Non-malfeasance" is refraining from providing ineffective treatments or acting with malice towards a patient. "Anti-consumerism" is incorrect because is not a therapeutic or ethical term. "Beneficence" is incorrect because it means that you take actions to benefit others. "Exploitation" is incorrect because it is a therapist's misuse of power to influence and exploit clients for their own benefit and to the clients' detriment. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. Non-Malfeasance
Non-malfeasance" is refraining from providing ineffective treatments or acting with malice towards a patient. "Anti-consumerism" is incorrect because is not a therapeutic or ethical term. "Beneficence" is incorrect because it means that you take actions to benefit others. "Exploitation" is incorrect because it is a therapist's misuse of power to influence and exploit clients for their own benefit and to the clients' detriment. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.

Professional Counseling Orientation / Ethics

35.	You have just launched a successful therapy group, and want to promote it to engage new clients so they, too, can benefit. You have asked your current therapy clients to offer an anonymous testimonial, telling others how useful it has been. From an ethical standpoint, this is _____________.
		a. prohibited under any circumstances
The ACA Code of Ethics outlines that testimonials from clients, former clients or any other person vulnerable to undue influence is prohibited. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		b. allowed since it is a successful group that would benefit future clients that may join
The ACA Code of Ethics outlines that testimonials from clients, former clients or any other person vulnerable to undue influence is prohibited. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		c. allowed, only if they sign a voluntary testimonial release
The ACA Code of Ethics outlines that testimonials from clients, former clients or any other person vulnerable to undue influence is prohibited. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.
		d. prohibited unless they sign a voluntary testimonial release, use a pseudo-name and do not provide a photo
The ACA Code of Ethics outlines that testimonials from clients, former clients or any other person vulnerable to undue influence is prohibited. Incorrect answer. Please choose another answer.